Stepan Makarov

Stepan Osipovich Makarov
Admiral Stepan Makarov, in the National Library of Norway
Born	8 January 1849 [O.S. 27 December 1848] Nikolaev, Kherson Governorate, Russian Empire (present-day Mykolaiv, Mykolaiv Oblast, Ukraine)
Died	13 April [O.S. 31 March] 1904 (aged 55) near Port Arthur, China
Allegiance	Russian Empire
Service/branch	Imperial Russian Navy
Years of service	1863–1904
Rank	Vice Admiral
Commands held	Russian Pacific Fleet
Battles/wars	Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) Russo-Japanese War †
Awards	Order of St. George

Stepan Osipovich Makarov (Russian: Степан Осипович Макаров, Ukrainian: Степан Осипович Макаров; 8 January 1849 [O.S. 27 December 1848] – 13 April [O.S. 31 March] 1904) was a Russian vice-admiral, commander in the Imperial Russian Navy, oceanographer, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and author of several books. He was a pioneer of insubmersibility theory (the concept of counter-flooding to stabilise a damaged ship), and developer of a Cyrillic-based semaphore alphabet. A proponent of icebreaker use, he supervised the first ever polar icebreaker construction. Makarov also designed several ships.

Makarov saw service in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) as a captain, and ordered the first ever successful attack with a self propelled torpedo. He served again in the Russo-Japanese War as vice-admiral and was assigned to the defense of Port Arthur, where he was hailed as a competent and aggressive commander. On 13 April 1904 Makarov led his flotilla to the aid of a destroyer that had been ambushed by the Japanese. Makarov was killed in the subsequent battle when his flagship Petropavlovsk struck a naval mine and the ship's magazine detonated. Japanese divers found Makarov's body after the war and gave him a burial at sea, and as a mark of good will Japanese officers led Makarov's funeral in Port Arthur. In 1946, after the Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin, the village of Shiritoru on that island was forcibly depopulated of its Japanese inhabitants and renamed Makarov in his honor.